Potential and limits of pressure driven membrane separation processes are discussed with respect to the application in industrial separations.Based on membrane separation conferences held in 1998 the present state of the art is described and information about new achievements presented. Low presure RO membranes, enhanced shear rate modules (centrifugal, vibratory), direct filtration NF modules for potable water production, DT and CD modules eliminating retentate spacer and some latest developments in NF ceramic membranes are discussed. Four industrial applications are described in detail.